The G20 moves the world a step closer to a global currency.
The world is a step closer to a global currency, backed by a global central bank, running monetary policy for all humanity.
By Ambrose Evans-Pritchard
Last Updated: 2:06PM BST 03 Apr 2009
A single clause in Point 19 of the communiqué issued by the G20 leaders amounts to revolution in the global financial order.
"We have agreed to support a general SDR allocation which will inject $250bn (£170bn) into the world economy and increase global liquidity," it said. SDRs are Special Drawing Rights, a synthetic paper currency issued by the International Monetary Fund that has lain dormant for half a century.
G20 summit: tensions high following talks to find global recession dealIn effect, the G20 leaders have activated the IMF's power to create money and begin global "quantitative easing". In doing so, they are putting a de facto world currency into play. It is outside the control of any sovereign body. Conspiracy theorists will love it.
It has been a good summit for the IMF. Its fighting fund for crises is to be tripled overnight to $750bn. This is real money.
Dominique Strauss-Kahn, the managing director, said in February that the world was "already in Depression" and risked a slide into social disorder and military conflict unless political leaders resorted to massive stimulus.
He has not won everything he wanted. The spending plan was fudged. While Gordon Brown talked of $5 trillion in global stimulus by 2010, this is mostly made up of packages already under way.
But Mr Strauss-Kahn at least has resources fit for his own task. He will need them. The IMF is already bailing out Pakistan, Iceland, Latvia, Hungary, Ukraine, Belarus, Serbia, Bosnia and Romania. This week Mexico became the first G20 state to ask for help. It has secured a precautionary credit line of $47bn.
Gordon Brown said it took 15 years for the world to grasp the nettle after Great Crash in 1929. "This time I think people will agree that it has been different," he said.
President Barack Obama was less dramatic. "I think we did OK," he said. Bretton Woods in 1944 was a simpler affair. "Just Roosevelt and Churchill sitting in a room with a brandy, that's an easy negotiation, but that's not the world we live in."
There will be $250bn in trade finance to kick-start shipping after lenders cut back on Letters of Credit after September's heart attack in the banking system. Global trade volumes fell at annual rate of 41pc from November to January, according to Holland's CPB institute – the steepest peacetime fall on record.
Euphoria swept emerging markets yesterday as the first reports of the IMF boost circulated. Investors now know that countries like Mexico can arrange a credit facility able to cope with major shocks – and do so on supportive terms, rather than the hair-shirt deflation policies of the old IMF. Fear is receding again.
The Russians had hoped their idea to develop SDRs as a full reserve currency to challenge the dollar would make its way on to the agenda, but at least they got a foot in the door.
There is now a world currency in waiting. In time, SDRs are likely evolve into a parking place for the foreign holdings of central banks, led by the People's Bank of China. Beijing's moves this week to offer $95bn in yuan currency swaps to developing economies show how fast China aims to break dollar dependence.
French President Nicolas Sarkozy said the summit had achieved more than he ever thought possible, and praised Gordon Brown for pursuing the collective interest as host rather than defending "Anglo-Saxon" interests. This has a double-edged ring, for it suggests that Mr Brown may have traded pockets of the British financial industry to satisfy Franco-German demands. The creation of a Financial Stability Board looks like the first step towards a global financial regulator. The devil is in the details.
Hedge funds deemed "systemically important" will come under draconian restraints. How this is enforced will determine whether Mayfair's hedge-fund industry – 80pc of all European funds are there – will continue to flourish.
It seems that hedge funds have been designated for ritual sacrifice, even though they played no more than a cameo role in the genesis of this crisis. It was not they who took on extreme debt leverage: it was the banks – up to 30 times in the US and nearer 60 times for some in Europe that used off-books "conduits" to increase their bets. The market process itself is sorting this out in any case – brutally – forcing banks to wind down their leverage. The problem right now is that this is happening too fast.
But to the extent that this G20 accord makes it impossible for the "shadow banking" to resurrect itself in the next inevitable cycle of risk appetite, it may prevent another disaster of this kind.
The key phrase is "new rules aimed at avoiding excessive leverage and forcing banks to put more money aside during good times." This is more or less what the authorities agreed after the Depression. Complacency chipped away at the rules as the decades passed. It is the human condition, and we can't change that.
Global currency, in some form - yes probably a good idea because it will hopefully avoid the issues regarding the latest crisis � where the reckless Anglo Saxon axis has plunged the world into financial crisis.
A global currency that is truly global, and takes into account the views of all countries has to be a more moderate and balanced system than the current one, that has just failed in a spectacular fashion.
Using SDRs as a long-term option for a global currency? Hmm, not sure whether this is just more financial chicanery that is fine in the current state of emergency but which is not suitable for the longer term. The article states that these �have lain dormant for half a century�, and why is that the case?
As an aside � global financial control � I suspect that this is not a good idea, because if a global authority, sometime in the future, makes a really bad decision (like the freeing of credit and spending like tomorrow that we have seen recently) then the whole world will be plunged into an even worse mess than we are in now. (Please do not say a major catastrophic financial crisis like this could never happen again� who on earth would have predicted the current crisis 10 years ago � major and very bad decisions can happen and will continue to happen because of human nature)
On many levels, the concept of �globalisation�, be it in trade, knowledge, or expertise, is a �good thing� but dynamic systems (such as the world finance system) also need resilience and we need to look at Darwin�s concept of the survival of the fittest to understand why any single global structure may not actually be a good idea.
In this scenario, the components of a dynamic system compete against each other, and those that are not the fittest now may well be those that survive in the future, because they are resilient to failures in the current paradigm. Major shifts in dynamic systems need diversity for resilience.
I believe that we are seeing a current shift of power from the West to the East. (China is a very good example). I suspect that any concept of global currency will give way to the natural dominance of whatever national or continental power currently holds sway and that at the moment China looks like the most likely contender.
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